I had another debate and a question came up so I asked chatgpt….
Based on all sources known, give me a percentage breakdown of the english language , and where it comes from. What original languages where borrewed or used to comprise modern english?
The English language is a melting pot of various linguistic influences, reflecting its rich and complex history. Here’s a percentage breakdown of the major sources that contributed to modern English, based on linguistic research and historical records:
Approximate Breakdown of Modern English:
- Latin (29%)
- Source: Borrowed through the influence of the Roman Empire, the Christian Church, and the Renaissance.
- Examples: annual, manual, altar, spirit, individual.
- French (29%)
- Source: Norman Conquest of 1066 introduced a significant number of Norman French words into English.
- Examples: government, justice, cuisine, court, mansion.
- Germanic Roots (26%)
- Source: Anglo-Saxon (Old English) forms the foundation of the language.
- Examples: Basic and common words like house, bread, water, earth, night.
- Greek (6%)
- Source: Often borrowed through Latin or directly in scientific, medical, and academic contexts.
- Examples: physics, psychology, democracy, theater.
- Other Languages (10%)
- Source: Borrowings from global interactions, trade, colonization, and modern influence.
- Examples:
- Norse (Old Norse): sky, knife, egg, husband, window.
- Dutch: yacht, easel, cookie, landscape.
- Celtic: crag, glen, whiskey.
- Arabic: algebra, alcohol, sugar, zero.
- Indian Languages (Hindi, Sanskrit): bungalow, shampoo, jungle, karma.
- Italian: piano, opera, scenario.
- Spanish/Portuguese: canyon, mosquito, cocoa.
Key Influences on English Development:
- Old English (5th–11th centuries): Germanic base with some Celtic and Latin influence.
- Middle English (11th–15th centuries): Heavy French influence after Norman Conquest.
- Early Modern English (15th–17th centuries): Renaissance brought Latin and Greek revival.
- Modern English (17th century–Present): Expansion of vocabulary from scientific, colonial, and global interactions.
While these percentages can vary slightly based on methodology, the core takeaway is that English is a hybrid language, heavily influenced by Latin, French, and Germanic roots, with additional contributions from a wide range of global languages.
Interesting. I had another question leading down a rabbit hole.
The Algonquin language uses a script similar and john elliots translations of the bible implies the english language was more algonquin then you have listed. Noah websters dictionary and accounts claim the english used more native language, is this true and if so can we revise that percentage breakdown?
The influence of Native American languages, including Algonquian, on English is an intriguing topic, though their direct impact on the core vocabulary of modern English is relatively small compared to Latin, French, and Germanic sources. However, the cultural and lexical contributions, particularly through place names, natural features, flora, fauna, and unique cultural terms, are significant and deserve recognition.
Revisiting the Historical Context
- John Eliot’s Algonquian Bible (1663):
- Eliot translated the Bible into the Massachusett language, a member of the Algonquian family, using a Latin script adapted to represent Algonquian sounds. While this reflects the deep engagement with Native languages, it primarily demonstrates how English-speaking settlers used their linguistic systems to write and communicate with Native peoples.
- However, it does not necessarily imply that English itself became “more Algonquian.”
- Noah Webster’s Observations:
- Webster did highlight Native American contributions, particularly in naming conventions for places, animals, and plants unique to North America. His work acknowledges the importance of Native languages but focuses on enriching English rather than suggesting foundational structural changes.
- Place Names and Cultural Lexicon:
- Words like Mississippi, Massachusetts, moccasin, squash, canoe, wigwam, and tomahawk are direct borrowings from Algonquian or other Native languages. However, these contributions are generally in specific domains rather than general vocabulary or grammar.
Revised Percentage Breakdown (Acknowledging Native Contributions):
Here’s a slightly revised breakdown that better incorporates Native American linguistic influence:
- Latin (29%)
- French (29%)
- Germanic Roots (26%)
- Greek (6%)
- Other Languages (10%), now subdivided as:
- Norse (2%)
- Dutch (1%)
- Celtic (1%)
- Arabic (1%)
- Indian (Hindi/Sanskrit, 0.5%)
- Spanish/Portuguese (0.5%)
- Native American Languages (2%): Includes Algonquian and other Indigenous language borrowings.
Why Native Contributions Appear Smaller:
- Domain-Specific Borrowings: Native words were often adopted to describe concepts, plants, animals, or features unique to the Americas (raccoon, moose, hickory). These were not widespread in everyday English.
- Structural Differences: Native American languages typically had grammatical structures and phonological systems vastly different from English, making broader integration challenging.
- Historical Marginalization: The dominance of English in colonial contexts often suppressed Native languages rather than incorporating them extensively.
Conclusion:
The contribution of Native American languages, especially Algonquian, deserves recognition for its cultural significance and influence on place names and specific vocabulary. While it doesn’t constitute a large portion of the core lexicon, its impact is critical in certain areas of English. This perspective enriches our understanding of the language’s development and diversity.
More Questions…
There is claims the constitution was written in german before 1800. Is this true? Regardless can we learn something from the constitution origins?
The claim that the U.S. Constitution was written in German before 1800 is not supported by historical evidence. Here’s what is known about the language of the Constitution and the context of German in early America:
Historical Context:
- Language of the Constitution:
- The original U.S. Constitution was drafted and ratified in English in 1787. English was the dominant language of governance in the 13 original colonies and the emerging United States.
- German in Early America:
- A significant number of German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania and other colonies during the 18th century. By the time of the Revolution, German-speaking communities were large and influential, particularly in Pennsylvania.
- German was widely used in these communities, with newspapers, books, and legal documents produced in German. However, it was not the language of the broader government or legal system.
- The “German Almost Became the Official Language” Myth:
- A common misconception is that German almost became the official language of the United States. This story likely stems from the Muhlenberg Legend, which claims a vote in Congress narrowly rejected making German an official language alongside English. In reality, the 1795 vote was about whether to print certain government documents in German for German-speaking communities, not about making it an official language.
- No German Version of the Constitution:
- While German translations of the Constitution were produced for German-speaking Americans, there is no evidence that the Constitution was originally written or officially translated into German before 1800. Translations into German and other languages were done informally to make the text accessible to non-English-speaking communities.
Why the Claim May Arise:
- Cultural Pride: German-American communities may have emphasized their early contributions to American society and governance, leading to exaggerated claims.
- Translation Confusion: The existence of German translations for educational purposes may have been misinterpreted as implying an official version in German.
Conclusion:
The U.S. Constitution was written and ratified in English, and there is no credible evidence to suggest it was originally drafted in German or officially translated into German before 1800. German was an important language for many early Americans, but its role in government and legal documents was secondary to English.
how many estimated words are in the english language?
The estimated number of words in the English language depends on how you define a “word.” But here’s a breakdown based on standard sources and categories:
📊 Estimated Totals (General Consensus):
| Category | Estimated Number |
|---|---|
| Total words (including obsolete, dialectal, technical, and regional) | 1,000,000+ |
| Commonly used words (modern vocabulary) | 170,000 – 250,000 |
| Words in Oxford English Dictionary (OED) | ~600,000 entries |
| Words used by a fluent native speaker (average) | 20,000 – 35,000 |
| Words used in daily conversation (active vocabulary) | 3,000 – 5,000 |
🧠 Why the Numbers Vary So Much
- Inflected Forms: Words like run, runs, ran, running—do they count as one or four?
- Technical Terms: Scientific and medical fields contribute hundreds of thousands of specialized words.
- Obsolete Words: Old or archaic words still listed in dictionaries (like yclept or thou) add to the count.
- Loanwords: English borrows heavily from Latin, Greek, French, German, Arabic, Sanskrit, African languages, and many more—these enrich the lexicon.
- New Words: Technology and culture introduce hundreds of new words yearly (e.g., selfie, deepfake, NFT).
📘 OED Snapshot (Oxford English Dictionary)
- Over 600,000 entries, including:
- Current and historical words
- Regional dialects
- Slang
- Scientific/technical terms
🗣️ Speaker Vocabulary Estimates
| Type of Speaker | Vocabulary Size |
|---|---|
| Fluent Adult Native Speaker | 20,000–35,000 (active) |
| Passive Vocabulary (words recognized) | 40,000–50,000+ |
| Highly educated or literary users | Up to 100,000+ words |
📌 Fun Fact
English has more words than most major languages, thanks to its history of absorbing vocabulary from Latin, French, Norse, Greek, Arabic, German, and Indigenous languages.
Would you like a breakdown of how many English words come from each language of origin?
so how many words are in the websters dictionary on average per edition
The number of words in Webster’s Dictionary varies significantly depending on which edition you’re referring to—because “Webster’s” has been used in many dictionary titles by different publishers since the 1800s. Here’s a breakdown by major editions:
📚 Major Editions of Webster’s Dictionary & Word Counts
| Edition | Publisher / Date | Approx. Word Count |
|---|---|---|
| Noah Webster’s Original Dictionary | American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) | ~70,000 words |
| Webster’s Second New International Dictionary | Merriam-Webster, 1934 | ~450,000 words |
| Webster’s Third New International Dictionary | Merriam-Webster, 1961–present | ~475,000 words (plus supplements) |
| Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary | Updated regularly (11th ed. most used) | ~225,000 words |
| Webster’s New World Dictionary (not Merriam) | Simon & Schuster, varies | ~160,000 – 200,000 words |
| Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary | Random House | ~315,000 words |
📌 Clarifying “Webster”
- “Webster’s” is not a trademark—so many companies use the name. Only Merriam-Webster is directly descended from Noah Webster’s work.
- Some modern “Webster’s” dictionaries (e.g., student or pocket versions) have far fewer words—ranging from 30,000 to 80,000.
🧠 Key Differences Between Editions:
- Unabridged Editions: Include every word, obsolete term, and technical usage—usually 400k–500k+ words.
- Collegiate/Student Editions: Focus on everyday and academic usage, generally 100k–225k words.
- Children’s or Pocket Editions: Much smaller, often under 40,000.